Key Characteristics of a Fully Functioning Person

Key Characteristics of a Fully Functioning Person Basics Print Key Characteristics of a Fully Functioning Person By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on September 30, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 15, 2020 Uwe Krejci / The Image Bank / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming According to Carl Rogers, a fully functioning person is one who is in touch with his or her deepest and innermost feelings and desires.?? These individuals understand their own emotions and place deep trust in their own instincts and urge. Unconditional positive regard plays an essential role in becoming a fully functioning person.?? Rogers suggested that people have an actualizing tendency, or a need to achieve their full potential â€" a concept that is often referred to as self-actualization.?? Rogers believed that a fully-functioning person is an individual who is continually working toward becoming self-actualized. This individual has received unconditional positive regard from others, does not place conditions on his or her own worth, is capable of expressing feelings, and is fully open to lifes many experiences. Defining the Fully Functioning Person So what exactly constitutes a fully functioning person? What are some of their key characteristics? Rogers suggested that the fully-functioning person is one who has embraced existential living.?? In other words, they are able to live fully in the moment. They experience a sense of inner freedom and embrace creativity, excitement, and challenges. Such a person experiences in the present, with immediacy. He is able to live in his feelings and reactions of the moment. He is not bound by the structure of his past learnings, but these are a present resource for him insofar as they relate to the experience of the moment. He lives freely, subjectively, in an existential confrontation of this moment in life, Rogers wrote in a 1962 article.?? Others have suggested that fully functioning people are also flexible and ever-evolving. Their self-concept is not fixed and they are constantly taking in new information and experiences.?? Not only is the fully functioning individual open to new experiences, he or she is also capable of changing in response to what they learn from those experiences. These individuals are also in touch with their emotions and make a conscious effort to grow as a person and achieve their fullest potential.   Characteristics Fully functioning people tend to possess certain traits and characteristics that help them stay in tune with their own emotions and embrace their need to grow as an individual. Some of the key characteristics of a fully functioning person include:?? Openness to experienceLack of defensivenessThe ability to interpret experiences accuratelyA flexible self-concept and the ability to change through experienceThe ability to trust ones experiences and form values based on those experiencesUnconditional self-regardThe tendency to be open to new experiencesDoes not feel the need to distort or deny experiencesOpen to feedback and willing to make realistic changesLives in harmony with other people Rogers also developed a form of therapy known as client-centered therapy.?? In this approach, the therapists goal is to offer unconditional positive regard to the client. The goal is that the individual will be able to grow emotionally and psychologically and eventually become a fully-functioning person. Signs of a Fully Functioning Person So what are fully functioning people really like?  What characteristics might these individuals express? People who exhibit this tendency have a self-image that is congruent with reality.?? They understand their strengths, but they also recognize and acknowledge that they have weaknesses. Even as they continue to build upon their personal strengths, they work on taking on challenges and experiences that allow them to grow and gain new understanding. These individuals realize that they are not perfect, but they are still happy and satisfied with themselves. This contentment does not indicate idleness, however, these individuals are always striving to achieve their best possible selves. A Word From Verywell One important thing to note is that the concept of the fully-functioning person represents an ideal rather than an end-product. It is not about achieving a certain status and then being done with your growth as a human being. Instead, the fully-functioning person represents a journey that continues throughout life as people continue to strive toward self-actualization.

Scenario on the Sale of Goods and Unfair Contract Terms - Free Essay Example

This problem scenario is clearly referred to sale of goods act 1979 and unfair contract terms act 1977. The given three questions have been analyzed accordingly in separate three paragraphs. In the sale of goods act section 2 (1) it defines that what contract of sale of goods is as a contract whereby the seller transfers or somehow agree to transfer property in the goods to buyer for money consideration, which called as the price. Mainly considering that point the question has been discussed. According to the question there are some aspects which can consider as the grounds on which bill may make a claim against Agro Ltd. This means consideration of Agro Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability under sale of goods act 1979 to bill. According to the given problem scenario the buyer, bill green is a keen gardener and a lecturer in biology. Sale of goods act however provides protections for Bill in four main sections. Section 12 points out that the seller be required to have the right to trade the goods. Section 13 points out that the goods sold by description should keep up a correspondence to the description. In section 14 it is noted that goods must be of satisfactory quality. Section 15, goods that are sold by sample must correspond to its sample in quality. From above sections, the section 14 is further limited in its scope. Somehow it applies only where goods sold in the course of businesses. According to sectio n 14, when the seller Agro Ltd sells goods in the course of a business then present an implied term which points out that the goods supplied are of satisfactory quality. If Agro Ltd was not selling in the course of business and was only a private seller then they fall under section 13 and not within section 14. Agro Ltd sells Apple Grofertiliser to bill. Bill before deciding to buy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple Groà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ fertilizer he looked at fertilizer on display, differing prices and read the promotional leaflets. First letà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consider sale by description. According to section 13(1), it describes that wherever there is an agreement for sale of goods by its description there is an implied term which the goods correspond with the description. Sale by description means that a sale where the buyer that means according to the question bill green has not seen the goods and is relying on the description. But actually did bill not see the goods? He did look at several types of fertilizer. He studied the chemical composition of each fertilizer, given in the leaflets. But ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not clearly mentioned that the product of Apple Gro was there in the leaflets or not. He was given instructions and details of dosage rates after signing the sales invoice. A contract of sale does not become a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sale by descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ merely because a description was attached to the goods. The description must relate substantially to the identity of the goods. To consider how far must goods correspond to their description there is a narrow approach and a broad approach. In the case Arcos Ltd v E A Ronasse and sons[1] buyers to buy a quantity of staves, which they required, as the seller knew, for making cement barrels. Contract said the staves were to be  ½ inch thick. The staves were larger than  ½ inch thick. It was held that the buyer was entitled to reject goods for breach of section 13. In determining whether go ods correspond to the description there is also a broader common sense test can be applied. In the case Ashington Piggeries Ltd v Christopher Hill[2], the buyer had contracted to buy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"herring mealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for the purpose of feeding mink. They were provided with herring meal which was contaminated with a substance that made it unsuitable for feeding mink. It was held that no breach of section 13 because the goods were described in the contract as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"herring mealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and what the seller provided was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"herring mealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ although contaminated and not fit for the purpose. However what bill wanted was something cheaper. So the sales assistance recommended that bill should buy Agro Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple Groà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which was considerably cheaper. As section 14 of sale of goods act introduced satisfactory quality and section 14 (2A) defines satisfactory as meeting the standard to an ordinary reasonable person would consider as satisfactory taking in to account, description, price, and all other relevant circumstances. When it comes to whether goods fit for their common purpose it comes under section 14(2B). In the case of Aswan Engineering Establishment Co v Lupdine[3] it was held that goods satisfied the requirement that they be of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"merchantable qualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This explains that if a seller knows that the goods are not fit for one of its common purposes, seller must make this known to the buyer. According to section 14(3) seller, Agro Ltd in course of business sells to buyer, Bill who tells Agro Ltd the purpose for which the goods are bought. And also bill partially rely on sellers skill and judgment. Frost v Aylesbury Dairies[4] illustrated even of seller could not have discovered the defect no matter how much he tries, he is still liable. Bill did not realize that rain could wash away the fertilizer and no specific statement to this effect was contained in the instructions. The fertilizers Bill had previously used were applied to the tree roots and were not affected by rain. This Apple Grofertilizer was sprayed on leaves and fruits. Section 14 (2B) states that the qualities of the goods include their situation and condition as well as the fitness for each and every purposes for which goods of the class are commonly used whether or not the buyer is a business or consumer. However above the grounds that bill may claim against Agro Ltd. If Agro Ltd is in breach of contract then it should be considered of the validity of the terms of sale in the invoice. Invoice contains exclusion clauses. These clauses usually and especially in standard form contracts contains to exclude or restrict liability of seller. Some exclusion seeks to negate terms that favored the buyer. When considering standard form contracts most companies use these forms when entering in to contracts because it is more efficient and convenient tha n having to discuss and negotiate terms with each individual customer. In this scenario there is a standard form contract. A clause is of no effect unless if it is incorporated as a term in the contract. It must be incorporated when the contract is made[5]. The buyer will find it difficult to argue that the clause was not agreed upon if it is contained in a document signed by him. It will not help him to plead that he had not read the clauses or was unaware of its existence. As with an unsigned contractual document, the method, displayed notices of incorporation will work only if at the time of making the contract the buyer, Bill actually knew of the existence of the term or otherwise reasonable steps had been taken to bring them to his attention. When Bill told he likes to buy the Agro Ltd gave the invoice. Bill paid for the fertilizer and signed the invoice without reading it. And also If, in the past parties have often went through contracts with each other upon the same terms (i ncluding exemption terms), then that course of dealing can incorporate those terms in to a later contract between them. Hence three necessities must be fulfilled before a course of dealing can incorporate an exemption clause in to a future contract. That are firstly the transaction between the parties must have been sufficiently numerous to constitute a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"course of dealingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Secondly the established course of dealing must have been constant. Thirdly the recognized course of dealing must not have been deviated from on the occasion in question. According to the question it says that Agro Ltd has number of retail outlets. Bill visited one of these outlets to buy fertiliser. In the past, he had always used a top brand, but was hoping to find something cheaper. But in this scenario ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not clear whether Bill only visited this Agro Ltd to buy something cheaper or whether Bill always went to this Agro Ltd manufacturers and this time he wanted something cheaper. Later Unfair contract terms act (UCTA) 1977 introduced to control exclusion and limiting clauses in general. The unfair contract terms act 1977 is a major landmark in the development of the law of contract. It deals with exemption clauses and it replaced and extended certain provisions previously in the supply of goods act 1973[6]. In that Act, Section 6 applies to any of the clause that claim to exempt the seller, that means Agro Ltd from any of the terms that are implied by section 12-15 of sale of goods act. The effect of section 6 depends upon whether the buyer was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dealing as a consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This act is misleading in that it also applies to non-contractual relationships. However UCTA refers to business transactions and consumer transactions. Exclusions are either void or subject to the test of reasonableness. Section 3 describes when liability arising under contract It covers consumer transactions or contracts where one party deal s on the others standard business terms. When it, covers breach where the party at fault claims to be able to give a substantially different performance or no performance. Such will be subject to the test of reasonableness. According to section 5 where loss or damage arises from defective goods for consumer use owing to the negligence of the manufacturer or distributor, the liability for loss or damage cannot be excluded or restricted. According to section 6 terms as to title cannot be excluded /limited in any type of sale. Other terms in sale of goods act 79(section 13, 14, 15) cannot be excluded/limited against a consumer.if bill is considered as a consumer then this cannot be excluded. But this can be excluded/ limited against a business buyer if reasonable. Therefore according to the problem scenario, if Bill was dealing as a consumer, then the first exemption clause may become void according to UCTA 1977. And the second clause has becomes unreasonable because there is no specif ic section for that in UCTA 1977. And the third exemption clause will also be void if Bill deals as a consumer according to section 3 of UCTA 1977. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ If we assumed that Agro ltd is liable for breach of contract of sale, and is not protected from liability by the terms of sale in the invoice, there may be remedies available to bill. Recovery of the purchase price, damages and specific performance of the contract are some remedies that will be available to the buyer, Bill. Bill however wishes to sue Agro Ltd for all compensation possible, including the purchase price of the fertiliser, loss of profit on sale of the apple crop, loss of prize money from shows, stress, and loss of the increase in salary he would have got on promotion. Can he really do this? According to the terms that Agro Ltd provided he cannot claim this much compensation. But the goods he bought were not fit for common purpose. In instructions also it was not clearly mentioned tha t rain could wash away the fertiliser. And also according to instructions bill sprayed his apple trees in July. So why cannot he recover damages? Under section 53 breaches of warranty and 54 Bill can recover damages in to some extent. However Bill cannot reject goods. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s because he already accepted the goods. And he already used the goods. Under section 54 considerations has totally failed and Bill can recover payments already made. However if court decided not to void the first term of the contract it will not be possible. Where the buyer, Bill accepts part of the goods and rejects the rest, he can recover any part of the price paid in respect of the rejected but must pay for the non-rejected goods. But according to the given problem scenario we cannot see any partial acceptance. Section 53 (3) prima facie the difference between value of goods as they are and the value they should have been in if the warranty had not been breached. In section 53(2) the measure of damages is as for rule 1 in Hadley v Baxendale[7]. When considering this as with the case of Bence Graphics v Fassons[8], F manufactures and sold to B some vinyl film. Once B received the film he would stamp it and turn it in to labels. A condition was that the vinyl and labelling remained in good condition for five years. Vinyl was defective so the labels degraded earlier than expected, so as to become illegible. B sought to recover from F the whole of the purchase price or alternatively an insurance to cover claims from end users. Damages assessed by trial judge under section 53(3) as measure being difference in value between goods on delivery and value goodswould have been if vinyl not defective. F applied. Appeal allowed and it was held that prima facie measure for breach of warrenty of quality under section 53(3) can be displaced where it had been in contemplation of the parties at time warrenty given that goods would be resold. The measure should be assessed on basis of actua l liability to ultimate buyer and as few of the sub buyers claimed, the loss was less than that worked out under the prima facie market rule. This is limb 1 of Hadley v Baxendale rule. As the conclusion we can add that even though there are exemption clauses from the side of the seller he may be liable if the terms not satisfy certain criteria as explained above. And also the buyer even though had remedies he cannot claim everything to his wish. From the acts that were established is more fairly helps to deal with matters from buyers side as well as sellers side. [1] Arcos Ltd v E A Ronasse and sons [1933] AC 470 [2] Ashington Piggeries Ltd v Christopher Hill [1972] AC 441 [3] Aswan Engineering Establishment Co v Lupdine [1987] 1 WLR1 [4] Frost v Aylesbury Dairies [1905] 1 KB 608 [5] Paul Dobson and Rob Stokes, commercial law: (8th ed.Sweet and Maxwell 2012)at p.184 [6] Paul Dobson and Rob Stokes, (note 5 above)at p. 192 [7] Hadley v Baxendale[1854] EWHC J70 [8] Bence Graphics v Fassons (UK)[1997] 3 WLR 205

How to Compose an Effective Paragraph

Paragraphing, says William Zinsser, is a subtle but important element in writing nonfiction articles and books—a road map constantly telling your reader how you have organized your ideas (On Writing Well, 2006). If youre prepared to go beyond conventional formulas for dividing a text into paragraphs, consider these observations by experienced authors, editors, and teachers. Enlightening ReadersThe breaking up into paragraphs and the punctuation have to be done properly but only for the effect on the reader. A set of dead rules is no good. A new paragraph is a wonderful thing. It lets you quietly change the rhythm, and it can be like a flash of lightning that shows the same landscape from a different aspect.(Isaac Babel, quoted by Konstantin Paustovsky in The Story of a Life: Years of Hope. Pantheon, 1968) ExperimentingParagraphing is often taught in English classes with the same sort of false dictums that poisons much of writing instruction. . . . [Encourage] students to experiment with paragraphing in their own essays, looking to see how paragraphing develops their intended rhythm and tone.(Paul Lee Thomas, Reading, Learning, Teaching Kurt Vonnegut. Peter Lang, 2006) Following InstinctA clever man might successfully disguise every element of his style but one—the paragraphing. Diction and syntax may be determined and controlled by rational proc esses in full consciousness, but paragraphing—the decision whether to take short hops or long ones, whether to hop in the middle of a thought or action or finish it first—that comes from instinct, from the depths of personality.(Rex Stout, Plot It Yourself. Viking, 1959) Practicing the Art[P]aragraphing is ultimately an art. Its good practice depends on feel, voice and instinct rather than on any formula or techniques that can be dutifully learnt.(Richard Palmer, Write in Style: A Guide to Good English, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2002) Editing by EarWe think of paragraphing as an organizational skill and may teach it in conjunction with the prewriting or planning stages of writing. I have found, however, that young writers understand more about paragraphing and cohesive paragraphs when they learn about them in conjunction with editing. When developing writers know the reasons for paragraphing, they more readily apply them in the editing stage than in drafting.Just as students can be trained to hear end punctuation, they can also learn to hear where new paragraphs start and when sentences are off the topic.(Marcia S. Freeman, Building a Writing Community: A Practical Guide, rev. ed. Maupin House, 2003) Punctuating ProseWe must stop asking what a paragraph is and start asking what paragraphing (i.e., the initiation of a new paragraph) signals to readers; we must think of paragraphing as a kind of macro-punctuation mark that guides readers interpretation of passages much as commas guide readers interpretation of sentences.(Richard M. Coe, Toward a Grammar of Passages. Southern Illinois University Press, 1988) Taking BreathsIn general, I would suggest, the paragraph could be understood as a sort of literary respiration, with each paragraph as an extended—in some cases very extended—breath. Inhale at the beginning of the paragraph, exhale at the end. Inhale again at the start of the next.(Francine Prose, Reading Like a Writer: A Guide for People Who Love Books and for Those Who Want to Write Them. HarperCollins, 2006) Using Common SenseEffective paragraphing is based on common sense. Most readers dont prefer reading extremely long paragraphs or strings of very short paragraphs. Neither helps them to get the most out of what they are reading.(Thomas Tyner, Writing Voyage: A Process Approach to Writing, 8th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2008) Catching the EyeKeep your paragraphs short. Writing is visual—it catches the eye before it has the chance to catch the brain. Short paragraphs put air around what you write and make it look inviting, whereas a long chunk of type can discourage a reader from even starting to read. . . .But dont go berserk. A succession of tiny paragraphs is as annoying as a paragraph thats too long.(William Zinsser, On Writing Well. Collins, 2006) Catching a RestThe purpose of paragraphing is to give the reader a rest. The writer is saying to him: Have you got that? If so, Ill go on to the next point. Th ere can be no general rule about the most suitable length for a paragraph . . .. The paragraph is essentially a unit of thought, not of length.(H.W. Fowler, Modern English Usage, 2nd edition, revised by Ernest Gowers. Oxford University Press, 1965) More About Paragraphs in Essays Paragraph BreaksParagraph LengthParagraph Unity

What significance do journeys have in The Kite Runner as a...

The novel of the Kite Runner as a whole is riddled with different journeys which are undertaken by different characters. These journeys are both physical and spiritual yet the most apparent journey is Amirs journey from Afghanistan to the USA and back again, this takes place from the beginning on the novel to the end of the novel and as accompanied by Amirs journey or quest for redemption. Despite Amirs journeys being one of the more notable ones he is not the only character on a journey as Rahim Kahn is also on his final journey in search of a final resting place. Amirs journeys are also linked with traumatic effects with each of his journeys being linked to major events. For example Amirs journey to Pakistan in the truck leads†¦show more content†¦However during his final return to Afghanistan he also states that the car sickness had gone which could show how he had finally adopted the morals and bravery of Baba and accepted the gravity and repercussions of the situation he was in. Another example which takes place as he returns to Afghanistan is his feeling of nostalgia. However he does not view his return to Afghanistan as a return to the place he was conceived in as he still considers himself a â€Å"tourist in his own country†. Overall his journey back to the country to rescue Sorab is not only a physical one but it could also have spiritual undertones as his return could symbolize his return from his old cowardly ways. This is reinforced by the fact that he left Afghanistan afraid and returned to it acknowledging the fact that the Taliban would likely try to kill him when he made his demands. Amirs return to America with Sorab can be seen as the final journey he takes part in yet it is not one filled with happiness and positive emotion as he is faced with Sorabs suicide attempt. However unlike in previous chapters Amir must now face the problem instead of running away and repressing it like he did with Hassan. 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William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 847 Words

Elena Ehrlich Mrs. Stensaas Hour 1 Hamlet Final Paper Motif Paper - Seems vs. Is The play, Hamlet, takes place in the Renaissance era, and readers are exposed to the golden age of English writing as well as its featured complexities. Shakespeare’s work features young Hamlet’s life after his father’s passing. Hamlet shows that death is a hard occurrence to heal from. Hamlet reveals both the negative and positive events that arise because of it. Prince Hamlet does not alleviate from his father’s death like others do in the play. He even attempts to get revenge because his father’s ghost requests him to do so. Shakespeare’s writing is embedded with a strong sense of comparing the fantasy world of people, things, and ideas that â€Å"seem†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦how it â€Å"is†. During Hamlet, the Ghost of King Hamlet is a dominant character. Prince Hamlet, the King’s son, claims that he sees the Ghost and talks to it. On one occasion, the Ghost converses with Hamlet while he is in a room with Gertrude, the Queen. Hamlet responds to the Ghost, so the Queen wonders â€Å"To whom do you speak this† (3.4.149) concerning Hamlet’s actions. Although the ghost â€Å"seemed† to be real to Hamlet as a perceived fantasy, the Queen saw nothing in reality. This makes it questionable to readers whether or not there actually â€Å"is† a ghost. Furthermore, it is questionable whether or not Shakespeare intended to portray a true ghost, or if it might have truly just been a figment of Hamlet’s imagination to add to the motif of â€Å"seems vs. is.† Another instance in the play involves Gertrude when she is concerned for Hamlet’s coping to his father’s death. The Queen confronts Hamlet and asks him what â€Å"seems† to be so important about his father’s death. Hamlet brusquely snaps back and replies, â€Å"Seems,† madam? Nay, it is. I know not â€Å"seems.† (1.2.78-79). 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Culture of Malaysia - 3713 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION Malaysia is a one of the multi cultural country. Cultures have been meeting and mixing in Malaysia since the very beginning of its history. More than fifteen hundred years ago a Malay kingdom in Bujang Valley welcomed traders from China and India. Malaysias cultural mosaic is marked by many different cultures, but several in particular have had especially lasting influence on the country. Chief among these is the ancient Malay culture, and the cultures of Malaysias two most prominent trading partners throughout history--the Chinese, and the Indians. These three groups are joined by a dizzying array of indigenous tribes, many of which live in the forests and coastal areas of Borneo. Although each of these cultures has†¦show more content†¦In schools or collages, especially boarding schools, the phenomenon known as ragging is an accepted ritual of the orientation process. Where, the senior students will rag the junior or new entry students. 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Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review Free Essays

string(134) " situations to provide a comparison of the physical and mental differences amongst the various sects of individuals living in Mumbai\." Dhobighat and Kahaani Film reviews [Student Name] [Course Title] [Course Supervisor] Film reviews Introduction: The Indian film industry has never been popular for its art films. Art films in Indian cinemas usually try to portray a particular aspect of the Indian culture and norm. These movies avoid all the glitz and glamour normally found in Indian movies. We will write a custom essay sample on Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now No glitz or glamour usually restricts these movies to a low budget nor are these movies able to attract a large number of audience to the cinema. Directors that usually make such movies try to get a point across to the audience using the cinema screen to portray their view of a particular issue within the community. Dhobighat The movie starts off showing Arun (Amir Khan) moving into a shabby apartment in an old locality of Mumbai. The film depicts Arun as an artist who meets Shia (Monica Dogra) an American investment banker at one of his exhibitions. The two fall for each other and end up spending the night together. Shai expects Arun would commit to their new found relationship but instead Arun makes it clear that he is not interested in a long term relationship and their night together was nothing more than a one night stand. Shai angry at Arun’s attitude leaves the apartment (Gurbaxani, 2011). This scene depicts a cultural trend that has greatly influenced the modern Indian society. Indian women are known to be conservative. They are forbidden to have premarital sexual relationships. However influenced by western culture, more and more Indian women have been engaging in premarital sex (Dhawan Kurup, 2006). Spending the night with Arun highlights the western influence that has been a part of the Indian society for quite some time now. Whereas getting angry at Arun for his lack of commitment portrays the conservative Indian side that has been a tradition with in the Indian society. Munna (Prateik Babbar) is the laundry boy for Shai and Arun. Munna aspires to become a famous actor. Munna has a brother who has links to the underworld and his brother tries to use his links within the industry to try and get Munna a break even though Munna is against his brothers activities. Later on in the movie Munna’s brother is murdered probably because of his ties to the underworld (Gurbaxani, 2011). The movie in this scene highlights the underworld influence that has made its way to the Indian film industry. There have been many instances and incidents where mob bosses from the Indian underworld have funded and backed various producers. Anyone who has refused to work in mob backed movies has received threats and sometimes even been targeted by the underworld. Initially the mob bosses were just like any other fans of bollywood superstars. However all that changed when one of these mobsters started financing movies of an actress he fancied. Soon the rest of the underworld got on the idea. Refusal of banks to invest in Indian cinema forced the producers to accept offerings made by the mob bosses (Corliss, 2002). Munna arrives at Shai’s apartment to collect her laundry and the two soon become good friends. Munna offers to become her guide and in return Shai promises she would prepare a portfolio for Munna which he plans to send out to various producers. Munna soon starts developing feelings for Shai but is unable to express his feelings for her (Gurbaxani, 2011). India has been a country where people have been divided into different castes and creeds. From ancient times the caste system has defined the social, financial and economic lives of the Indian people. Marriage of an individual is limited to his or her caste, castes are defined by birth and a person’s caste decides the job that person is best suited for (Callaham Pavich, 2011). The movie cites Munna’s lower caste and the difference of financial status as the main reasons as to why he doesn’t confess his fee lings to Shai. Meanwhile Shai gets obsessed wit Arun and starts stalking him. The building opposite to Arun’s apartment is under construction and the builder happens to be Shai’s father. Taking advantage of this fact Shai uses the building as a means to take Arun’s pictures without his knowledge. Arun on the other hand has his mind set on the tapes that belonged to the previous tenant of the house. The tapes contain messages from a woman named Yasmin (Kriti Malhotra) to her brother. Arun watches those tapes and soon starts drawing inspiration from them (Gurbaxani, 2011). It is normal for artists to draw inspiration from daily objects. Different artists gain inspiration from different day to day objects and people. These inspirations can be from friends, family or even a song they like (Barnett, 2012). The movie cites the tapes by Yasmin as a means of inspiration for Arun’s work. To make a living and promote his dream of becoming a movie star Munna works as a laundrier by day and kills rats for different localities by night time. Once while taking some pictures Shai comes across Munna while he is on his night job working as an exterminator. Shai takes his picture while Munna is working. Angry and confused Munna makes a run for it. Arun watches the last video left by Yasmin in which she confesses that her husband is in fact having an affair and shows signs that she would probably kill herself. Feeling frustrated Arun leaves the apartment for good. Shai gets hold of Munna and asks him for Arun’s new address. Initially Munna hesitates and lies about not knowing the where abouts of Arun but eventually gives her Arun’s new address (Gurbaxani, 2011). The film depicts Yasmin as the narrator and uses her experiences of Mumbai to portray the famous landmarks of the city in a completely new perspective. The narration of Yasmin’s experiences gives Dhobighat the shape of a love letter written to the city of Mumbai. The movie uses various situations to provide a comparison of the physical and mental differences amongst the various sects of individuals living in Mumbai. You read "Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review" in category "Papers" An example is a scene from the movie in which Shai wants to conduct Munna’s photo shoot outside the studio. However Munna being a native of Mumbai does not find the sights and sceneries of Mumbai as fascinating as Shai does (Gurbaxani, 2011). Normally Bollywood films are very expensive and can cost up to $20 million (The Economist, 2000). Up until the 1990s the sets, costumes and special effects used were mediocre in quality. The popularity of Hollywood movies in India forced the directors and producers to improve the quality of their movies (The Economist, 2000). However Dhobighat cost a mere $1. 8 million a fact that astonished and amazed majority of Indian and international film critics (Pillai, 2010). Indian filmmakers find that shooting in foreign countries draws the public to the cinema. Various foreign locations have been used in the past to make the movie more appealing to the masses. Either film makers choose foreign locations to get away from the crowd or they argue that it is the need of the script that makes them choose those foreign locations. Incentives given to the indian film industry by the government also attracts various film makers towards the idea of shooting at foreign locations (Trivedi, 2012). Dhobighat was produced using guerilla techniques in which multiple localities of Mumbai were used to make the movie. The director Kiran Rao didn’t use any kind of set at all. Kiran wanted to Dhobighat to be a tribute to the people of Mumbai (OutlookIndia. com, 2010). Most of the parts in the film were in English something that troubled Kiran and Amir Khan. Majority of indian population had a hard time understanding English a factor that most likely would have affected the film’s business. The production team decided to dub the English scenes in Hindi (Pillai, 2010). The distributor of the movie for United States and India was UTV. UTV a subsidiary of Walt Disney has been one of the major distributors of Indian cinema and has been one of the prominent entities in bringing Indian cinema to the world. The last decade or so has been the turning point of the company. UTV took up movies that changed the way movies were made in Bollywood. A number of these movies were hits. Peepli live, Rang De Basanti and Brfi are examples of some of the great films that UTV Motion Pictures have worked on. Senior Vice President at UTV Motion Pictures U. S. A dubbed the movie as being different to what Indian movie fans are used to. He was also critical about the reception the movie was going to get. Despite the Academy Awards taking place on the same date UTV released the movie on 21st January 2011 in United States and India. The release date couldn’t be delayed because India was hosting the world cup and the film crew wanted to release the film on the same date to prevent the production of pirated copies. UTV gave preference to the Indian fans because the movie mainly targeted the Indian audience. UTV were encouraged after the Dhobighat got positive response at the Toronto and London film festivals (Sydney, 2011). Dhobighat was a success at the box office. Despite everyone’s expectations Dhobighat was liked by the Indian population raking in more than $2. 6 million in India. The film did fairly well in United States, United Kingdom and Dubai making more than $780000. Internationally the movie did quite well making a whopping $1. 6 million. The success of Dhobighat pleased the lead star and producer Amir Khan. Amir Khan further commented and dubbed the movie as a success because of the type of movie it was. Kahaani The movie starts at Kolkata metro rail where a gas attack takes place killing the passengers on board. Fast forward a few years a pregnant woman named Vidya Bagachi (Vidya Balan) arrives in Kolkata from London during a religious festival. Vidya is a software engineer who is searching for her missing husband. During her visit to the local police station Vidya meets Satyaki Rana Sinha (Parambrata Chatterjee) a police officer who agrees to help Vidya in finding her husband. The two visit National Data Center where Vidya claims her husband worked (Dhaniwala, 2012). In India the police are usually considered incompetent and inefficient. They have frequently been criticized by the mass population for not taking their jobs seriously, accepting bribes and folding after being pressurized by top officials. However the movie shows Indian police in a positive light and in particular the character of Rana playing the role of a true police officer and helping Vidya in her quest to find her husband (Pagnamenta, 2013). At the NDC office Vidya and Rana are perplexed when human resource department at NDC deny having employed Vidya’s husband. However the head of the human resource department suggests that Vidya’s husband resembles a lot like an ex-employee, Milan Damji (Indraneil Sengupta). The head of the HR department is murdered by a hitman named Bob Biswas (Saswata Chatterjee) before she could share Damji’s records with Vidya. Vidya and Rana break into the records of NDC to get more information on Damji. While searching for Damji’s records Vidya and Rana have a close encounter with Bob. The two barely escape with their lives. Vidya meets an intelligence bureau officer Khan (Nawazuddin Siddiqui) who is investigating the gas attack of Kolkata. Khan warns Vidya about the dangers of the case and informs her that Damji is wanted fugitive who is the prime suspect of the gas attacks. Khan advises Vidya to back off and leave Damjee to the police. However Vidya completely ignores Khan’s advice and visits the address stated on Damjee’s records (Dhaniwala, 2012). Indians believe that when a woman sets her mind to it she can achieve anything for the sake of her husband. These acts of courage by women originate from the story in Ramayana of a king named Dasaratha and his queen Kaikeyi who showed courage in the face of fear and saved her husband from imminent death. The movie depicts Vidya in the same manner as Kaikeyi who besides the fact being pregnant is willing to risk her life and the life of her child to find her husband and ensure his safety. Kahaani isn’t the first movie to depict such actions from Indian wives. Over the years there have been numerous films that have shown Indian wives going to great lengths to protect and obey their husbands (Murthy, 2001). Upon reaching the stated address Vidya and Rana meet an errand boy working at a small tea shop. The errand boy recognizes Damjee and gives Vidya the name of R. Sridhar an officer of NDC who frequently visited Damjee during his stay at the apartment. Bob on the instructions of Sridhar makes an attempt on Vidya’s life but dies in the process. The examination of Bob’s phone gives Vidya and Rana an IP address. Vidya confronts Sridhar at his office. A scuffle breaks our between the two and Vidya eventually ends up shooting Sridhar. The death of Sridhar angers Khan who wanted Sridhar for questioning. Vidya procures a phone number from Sridhar’s computer and dials it. It is revealed that the number belongs to Bhaskaran K. (Dhritiman Chaterji) an Investigation Bureau officer and Khan’s superior. Vidya informs Bhaskaran that she has some sensitive documents left behind by Sridhar and threatens him that if he does not cooperate she could use those documents to send him to jail. Bhaskaran tells Vidya straight up that he is not associated with any of this. However a few minutes later Vidya receives a call asking for the documents in return for the safety of her husband (Dhaniwala, 2012). Suspecting the call was from Damji Vidya agrees to meet the caller at the place of his choice with Khan and Rana on her trail. The caller turns out to be Damji and during their talks Damjee attacks Vidya. Damji menacingly points his gun at Vidya who uses her prosthetic abdomen; she was using to fake her pregnancy, to knock the gun out of his hand. Vidya kills Damji and flees the scene. It is later revealed that Vidya was in fact Arup Basu’s (Abir Chatterji) wife. Arup was killed in the gas attack and she had returned to India to seek revenge of her husband’s death (Dhaniwala, 2012). Again Kahaani isn’t the first movie where women have been shown seeking revenge for themselves or for the death of someone they loved. Bandit Queen is an example of such a movie where a poor woman who is raped and abused by high caste men in her village. She joins a gang of bandits and seeks revenge upon all who did her wrong. Another story is that of ek haseena thi where a man takes advantage of a simple woman and frames her for drug possession. Upon her release from prison she sets out t find the man who framed her to seek her revenge (rain singer, 2011). The film director and the co-writer of the script Ghosh had trouble finding producers for Kahaani. His film Aladdin was a flop despite having a star studded cast and the producers were reluctant in investing in his future ventures. The idea of a pregnant woman as the lead actress and small time actors in supporting roles were also factors that discouraged the producers from financing the movie. The low cast of shooting in Kolkata and the small budget attracted Ghosh to the idea of shooting the movie in Kolkata (Zee news, 2012). The script writer Adviata Kala did some extensive research for the film. She based most of the story on her personal experience of the city when she was searching for her boyfriend. She stated that even though there was a difference in the culture and the language barrier existed the people were very hospitable and welcoming something that can be seen in the movie (Mitra, 2012). To prepare for her role Vidya Balan visited a doctor to consult about the prosthetic belly. Vidya also consulted her doctor of how a pregnant woman was to act and how what troubles would a pregnant woman normally face. Vidya claimed that she used to portray as a pregnant woman in her college days which helped her out in her out in the film (zee news, 2012). Like Kiran Roa Ghosh used the technique of guerilla filming for his movie. The director admitted that guerilla shooting in the busy city of Kolkata during the festival was not easy. Frequently the participants of the festival stare directly into the camera or in the faces of the actors (Movie Talkies, 2012). Ghosh shot different localities of Kolkata without the public’s knowledge. Ghosh thought it would be easier to shoot without any hassle brought on by the crowd and without the need of crowd control. The shooting of the film and of Durga Pooja festival was completed in 64 days. Ghosh wanted the character of Bob to be of a hitman that would easily blend into the crowd. Ghosh briefed Chatterjee over his role and told him to portray Bob as being polite. To make the character seem more believable Ghosh gave him a bald patch and advised Chatterjee to frequently rub his nails, as Indians believe rubbing ones nails prevents hair loss. Bobs character received remarkable praise from the critics and from the viewers. His famous one liner from the film became hit on the internet with individuals quoting him on different social networking websites. The young generation of India was really impressed by Bob and some of them even approached Ghosh with the idea of a graphic novel based on Bob. It is also rumored that some one has approached Ghosh with the idea of a television series based on the life of Bob (Mukherjee, 2012). The main distributors of Kahaani were Viacom 18 Motion Pictures. Viacom 18 Motion Pictures has been around for quite some time now dealing with Indian movies. Some of the famous movies that have done business with Viacom are Players, Son of sardar and Tanu weds Manu. The movie was a success at the box office. Initially during the first week the movie experienced a poor response. The film made $370000 in the province of Bengal in the time span of three days and during that time the seat occupancy rose from 47% on the first day to 94% on the third. The movie generated $4. 4 million in the first week passing its production cost of $1. million. By the end of the second week the movie made up to $7. 9 million in India alone. Box office India dubbed the movie a super hit just after two weeks (Box office India, 2012). Oversees the movie did reasonably well being able to generate the revenue of $1. 5 million from United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, Australia, Pakistan and Malaysia. Hindustan times estimated that Kahaani had generated $19 million w orld wide within 50 days of its release (First Post, 2012). Kahaani’s success brought on a new trend among Bollywood producers and directors. Kolkata became a favorite location for the industry. The use of Kolkata as an opening scene was completely different from traditional Bollywood movies that had been using Mumbai and Delhi as their prime locations for shooting. The city’s colonial buildings and the hand rickshaws all added to the magnificent scenario that was presented by Ghosh in the movie. The release of the movie also had a significant impact on the tourism in Kolkata. In particular the guest house used by Vidya in the movie has attracted a lot of tourists (OneIndia. com, 2012). Ghosh plans to produce a sequel for Kahaani and use Vidya Balan as his lead actress in the same recurring role. The shooting of Kahaani 2 is to take place in 2013. The film industry has already seen the making of Kahaani in Tamil and Telegue. Conclusion The success of low budget art movies like Dhobighat and Kahaani shows a change in the trend that has been found amongst the Indian viewers. Viewers have now grown tired of all the love stories and senseless action movies that has been the recipe for a successful Bollywood movie. The viewers now want to watch movies that have a strong plot and have good stories. The success of Kahaani and Dhobighat despite their unknown actors is proof that indian viewers want to watch movies with a good plot. Expensive movies such as Agent Vinod and Rush are proof that a big budget and a star studded cast does not guarantee the success of a movie. Using real locations instead of expensive sets is another factor that separates Kahaani and Dhobighat from other movies. Instead of using foreign locations these movies opted to use popular areas of Indian cities to shoot their movies significantly reducing the budget needed for the movies. Art movies in the past decade or so have generated a great deal of revenue not only in India but overseas as well. List of References Barnett, L. , 2012. Top artists reveal how to find creative inspiration. [Online] Available at: http://www. guardian. co. uk/culture/2012/jan/02/top-artists-creative-inspiration [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Box office India, 2012. Agent Vinod Average Opening Kahaani Extraordinary Week Two. [Online] Available at: http://boxofficeindia. com/boxdetail. php? page=shownewsarticleid=4192nCat= [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Callaham, T. amp; Pavich, R. , 2011. Indian caste system. [Online] Available at: http://www. csuchico. edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring98/india. htm [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Corliss, R. , 2002. Married to the Mob. [Online] Available at: http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,361780,00. html [Accessed 9 April 2013]. Dhaniwala, M. , 2012. Kahaani Review. [Online] Available at: http://www. koimoi. com/reviews/kahaani-review/ [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Dhawan, H. Kurup, S. , 2006. Pre-marital sex: Girls like to keep mum. [Online] Available at: http://articles. timesofindia. ndiatimes. com/2006-10-24/india/27785487_1_report-sexual-debut-indian-women [Accessed 8 April 2013]. First Post, 2012. Kahaani: What’s the story behind the numbers? [Online] Available at: http://www. firstpost. com/bollywood/kahaani-whats-the-story-behind-the-numbers-253056. html [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Gurbaxani, A. , 2011. ‘Dhobi Ghat’ Is A Sparkling Debut. [Online] Available at: http://mumbaiboss. com/2011/01/21/%E2%80%98dhobi-ghat%E2%80%99-is-a-sparkling-debut/ [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Mitra, I. , 2012. Vidya’s journey was my own: Advaita Kala. [Online] Available at: How to cite Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review, Papers