Some of the most significant innovations of the 20th Century

Introduction There is no doubt that the 20th century is probably the most remarkable in the history of mankind. It is remembered by the developments in technological innovations, which have had some positive and negative impacts on humanity. The 20th century is renowned for numerous innovations and discoveries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Some of the most significant innovations of the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is impossible to narrow down to the most significant inventions. This paper will explore some of the technological developments that have been regarded as the most remarkable achievements in this century. However, due to the huge number of innovations in the 20th century, some inventions have been omitted. This research paper will focus on the technologies that have had the most significant impact on humanity. The 20th century is considered to be the most successful era with regard to innovation and technological development. Nuclear power The invention of nuclear power can be equated to the steam engine that was developed in the 19th century, which was a significant transformation. This innovation provided the human race with a source of power that did not cause pollution to the environment. This energy is considered to be particularly effective and unlimited. However, nuclear energy also has a negative side to it. This innovation has also been used to develop the most deadly and devastating weaponry that mankind has ever seen. The magnitude of the destruction caused by a nuclear bomb is a significant hazard to peace and survival of human beings. Nuclear plants are also known to have spilled harmful radioactive substances. These substances have rendered certain regions uninhabitable for decades. A good example is the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. However, nuclear power also has its positive impacts. For instance, the fear of the mutual ability to ca use destruction deterred the super powers from starting a third world war. It is also an efficient and cost-effective alternative for energy capable of providing electricity to the entire world (Bulliet 502). The computer It is impossible for the human race to think of the world in the absence of computers. This machine has been in existence since the Second World War. However the earlier versions of the computer were very costly, slow in response and clunky. The subsequent introduction of the apple version of computers by Stephen Jobs and Steve Wozniak revolutionized computer innovations. In this modern world, these machines are found in every sector. Human beings have developed a dependency on computers such that the lack of one makes life incomplete for most individuals. Computers are used as a source of livelihood. They are used to organize personal and corporate finances (Bulliet 381-382).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The internet The development of the computer superseded the typewriter. It revolutionized the art of writing. However, the internet is what made the computer the magnificent machine it is today. The airplane reduced global travel to just a few hours; the internet reduced this distance considerably to just a few seconds. This service has made it possible for information to be sent and received from nations considered to be repressive. It has also been able to encourage revolutions and disseminate propaganda at lightening speeds. The internet has emerged as a vital resource for learning institutions, as well as mass media organizations. The World Wide Web has helped various organizations to transform their operations. For instance, the banking industry has used the internet to link all their branches, enabling clients to make transactions from any location (â€Å"Top 10 Inventions of the 20th Century† par 10). The airplane The s ignificance of the airplane in the 20th century can be equated to the transformations attained through the locomotive engine during the 19th century. The locomotive helped to bridge distances over land while the airplane reduced the time spent in travelling by a few hours. The airplanes provide a fast and safe mode of travelling. They are also used for other purposes such as weather forecasting and applying pesticides in agriculture. However, the most remarkable transformation it was associated with is how it revolutionized the art of war. Despite its advantages, it has also had a negative impact in the destruction of cities and killing of civilians because of the proximity of warfare to cities (Bulliet 473). The automobile Although it was under-developed during the 19th century, it was not used as a form of transportation before the 20th century. The automobile has transformed the transportation sector by making it easy to transport goods to the markets. This has enhanced trade dur ing the 20th century, which has witnessed a remarkable growth in business transactions. Before the Ford T model was introduced, motor vehicles were a preserve of the rich and affluent within the society. It has provided a relative form of mobility and freedom of movement which has had a positive impact on humanity (Jedicke 31-33). The rocket The first documented evidence of a rocket is attributed to the Chinese. This dates back to over 3000 years ago. It was used as a weapon in the ancient communities of China and Greece. However, the significant developments in rocket science occurred during the 20th century.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Some of the most significant innovations of the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They were built much larger and had more power. The most significant development in the 20th century is that, they could now be controlled with precision. They have been us ed as weapons, but most importantly as a transport mechanism to reach outer space. It has enabled humanity to explore outer space and transport satellites. These satellites are used to monitor the weather, facilitate mobile communications, and run the GPS (â€Å"Top 10 Inventions of the 20th Century† par. 6). The submarine Submersible vessels have been used in warfare historically. However, the first submarine was developed in the late 1880s. In the 20th century, the modern version was invented. The submarine was used as an irritating weapon in the First World War. However, in the Second World War it sunk more vessels than any other type of military machinery. With the development of nuclear power, the submarine became virtually invisible. Most of the developed nations have a fleet of submarines in their navy. However, they have also revolutionized deep sea expeditions since they assist in marine research (Constable Somerville 221). Antibiotics Antibiotics have revolutionize d medical health care. Therefore, before the discovery of penicillin, any disease that human beings contracted could be fatal. However, after the discovery made by Alexander Fleming in 1928, more innovations were witnessed in the development of antibiotics. This significantly reduced deaths resulting from bacterial infections. The outcome of this development was a reduction in the mortality rate and an increase in life expectancy. Antibiotics have also helped to eradicate several diseases from the face of the earth such as small pox (â€Å"Top 10 Inventions of the 20th Century†9). Conclusion The 20th century is considered to be the most successful era in relation to innovation and technological development. The innovations discussed in this paper are considered as some of the most significant during this period. It is imaginable to perceive the world today without these remarkable inventions and discoveries. Without them, life to the human race would be unbearable. Works Cite d Bulliet, Richard W. The Columbia History of the 20th Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Print.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Constable, George, and Bob Somerville. A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements That Transformed Our Lives. Washington, D.C: Joseph Henry, 2003. Print. Jedicke, Peter. Scientific American. New York: Chelsea House, 2006. Print. Top 10 Inventions of the 20th Century. 2013. Web. https://www.toptenz.net/top-10-inventions-of-the-20th-century.php This research paper on Some of the most significant innovations of the 20th Century was written and submitted by user Giana Russo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Theme of Middle Ground among the Algonquian Indians of North America

The Theme of Middle Ground among the Algonquian Indians of North America History indicates that the Algonquians were a large group of North American natives composed of several tribes. The Algonquian occupied extensive areas in North America, extending from the Atlantic coast towards the Great Lakes Region (White 21).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Theme of Middle Ground among the Algonquian Indians of North America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They occupied fertile lands along River St Lawrence and around all the Great Lakes. Although the group was composed of several tribes with varying tongues, their languages were related. Historians use the term â€Å"Algonquian† in reference to all tribal groups of Algonquian that spoke some related languages. Arguably, the Algonquians’ desire to own guns, clothing and utensils and the European scramble for America led to the establishment of a â€Å"middle ground† because each group needed each other’s help. His torically, most of the Algonquian tribes settled along rivers and lakes because their chief sources of food were hunting, gathering and fishing. However, southern groups also carried out farming, mostly cultivating native crops such as squash, beans and corn. Some groups such as the Ojibiwe also cultivated other crops such as wild rice to supplement their diets (White 26). History also shows that most of the Algonquian groups did not settle in a permanent position. Instead, they shifted with seasons due to seasonal availability of aquatic foods, wild animals and crops. However, they would recombine and settle as a large community at other times, especially in winter seasons. In addition, some framing groups in the south, especially those in New England, developed a culture of shift farming, which involved cultivating land for two years before relocating their villages to new and fertile land for agriculture. Middle ground is a term used by historians in reference to a state in which two different communities, with different traditions, languages and cultures, advance into a given geographical location and arrive at a common conception of suitable behaviours that benefit them in a certain way (White 32). A good example of how middle ground is created is presented by the interaction between the French and the Algonquian tribes in the Great lakes Region and along the Atlantic Coast. According to White (50), the first French traders and settlers arrived at the coast in the 16th century (White 52). Because the two groups were trading partners, their boundaries increasingly â€Å"melted away† as each accepted the other in its territories. White (51) argues that it is not easy to determine whether the process of interaction between the two groups caused the dominance of any of the two cultures. For instance, it is not correct to argue that the native Algonquians became â€Å"Frenchfied† or the French settlers â€Å"became natives†. However, the h istorian argues that both processes might have taken place as each group increasingly accepted the other (White 50). The creation of the Middle Ground best explains the process through which the two groups came to co-exist with each other.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to White, a â€Å"middle ground† was established for a number of reasons. For instance, both the Algonquian and Europeans were looking for land to sustain their needs. It began with a massive immigration of native Algonquian from the north as they flee from the Iroquois in the south. This event took place between 1640s and 1660s. In fact, history shows that the Iroquois were dangerous because they had interacted with European traders earlier than the Algonquian. An expansive trade between the Europeans and the Iroquois made the natives obtain guns, which they used to raid other weaker groups, including the Algonquian. As the Algonquian flee northwards, they encountered the advancing Europeans, especially the French. â€Å"The two groups developed interaction through Intermarriages, exchange of gifts and ceremonies such as the calumet. In turn, this exerted force among groups of people living in a single refugee centre, but they lost their strength as they became part of a new society† (White 22). The calumet, for instance, was popular among the natives in North America. â€Å"The calumet originated among the Pawnee tribes, who claimed to have received it from the sun† (White 21). Since the French settlers were facing competition from the Britons, they were keen to develop close relations with the Algonquian in order to achieve their support. As a result, the French wanted to interact with the natives in all possible ways, which led to intermarriages between the two groups. According to White (18) â€Å"Actual patrilineal organization in North America was h eavily modified by some factors such as loss of the territory-based population, extensive intermarriage between different groups of people, and the creation of multiple ties of actual and symbolic kinship between neighbouring peoples† In fact, the French needed the natives more than the natives needed the French due to the threat posed by the advancing British settlers and colonialists in the region. The Britons also did the same with some Algonquian groups, thus creating â€Å"the middle ground†. The process of creating a middle ground involved the intervention of the two groups, the Algonquians and the French. The process took several years to be completed and involved a number of stages. The first step involved a non-functioning state in which each of the two groups was suspicious of the other. In fact, being colonialists searching for minerals, raw materials and land, the French wanted to control all resources in the area. They wanted to obtain the rights to use lan d for both production and trade. However, the Algonquians were not willing to surrender their land.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Theme of Middle Ground among the Algonquian Indians of North America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The French captured or influenced some elements in the Algonquian groups and used them as porters and translators in trade. The French had the desire to use force to control the Algonquians, but they were careful because they depended on the inhabitants for their survival, including provision of native foodstuffs. The third stage involved a desire for the two groups to work with each other, especially in trade. While the French provided the locals with European clothing, guns, household items and drugs, the Algonquian had the biggest role in finding a middle ground because they had plenty of local food products. In addition, they were able to interact with other groups and their pop ulations were large. Therefore, although the French had guns and other war materials, they were not willing to involve the Algonquian in war. Therefore, each group had the obligation of engaging the other in mutual co-existence. In developing a â€Å"middle ground†, the French, the Britons and the Dutch leaders assumed other roles in an attempt to contain the Algonquians. For instance, they took the role of the patriarch, in which they distributed gifts, covering violent deaths and mediating conflicts between the Algonquian and the settlers or between the Algonquian and other natives. It is also worth noting that each group was also forced to drop some demands in order to establish and maintain the middle ground (White 64). For instance, the Algonquians lost some of their land to the settlers. They also embraced European laws, legal punishments, and style of authority (White 66). On the other hand, the Europeans had to cover death after conflicts between members of each group . For instance, in some instances, European traders were attacked and killed by Algonquian warriors, but the French rulers would cover the deaths to avoid conflicts. Moreover, the French was cautious when dealing with the natives because they did not want to interfere with the religion, culture and traditions, yet they wanted to introduce Christianity as a way of influencing the native mind-sets. Apparently, the desire to introduce Christianity was put on hold until the French settlers were sure of their dominance. In some instances, the Algonquian would allow some of their members to face punishment under European laws. Thus, a middle ground was achieved. In conclusion, White’s idea of developing a â€Å"middle ground† as a means of interaction between Europeans and Native Americans during the European invasion of North America is supported by a number of historical facts.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, history reveals that the process of interaction between the whites and natives took place in a different manner, depending on the prevailing circumstances. Evidently, the French- Algonquian interaction suits White’s ideology because it progressed in the exact manner the historian describes. From the invasion of the Iroquois to the development of trade and intermarriages between the French and the Algonquian, White’s ideas are applicable. Therefore, some major aspects of history are significant in this case. First, the natives wanted to protect themselves from Iroquois invasions. They also wanted household items. On the other hand, the French wanted to control trade routes, land and resources. Thus, this analysis reveals that the Algonquians’ need for guns, clothing and utensils and the European scramble for America led to the establishment of â€Å"middle ground†. White, Robert. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires and Republics in the Great Region, 1650-1815. New York, NY: Cambridge university press, 2011. Print.

Accounting Standards at Bank of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Accounting Standards at Bank of China - Essay Example The PROC (hereafter China) has been undergoing a transformation when the Communist Party decided to open up the country’s economy to the world in 1978. Since then, China has become a socio-economic miracle: a communist-socialist country of over a billion people transforming its economy into the 2nd largest in the world after that of the United States, and an economic superpower that accounts for significant economic developments in the world such as the recent increases in the price of oil, metals, and other commodities to the lowering of production costs for global products such as clothes, appliances, and machineries, amongst many other things (World Bank, 1993; Stiglitz, 2002). The Bank of China Ltd. (hereafter BOC) was founded in 1912, and until the 1949 communist takeover has performed various functions: as China’s central bank, a foreign exchange bank, and a commercial bank specializing in trade finance with branches all over China and in the major financial capitals of the world. After 1949, BOC was turned into a specialized foreign exchange bank. In 1994, it evolved into a state-owned commercial bank; in 2002, its holding company that was majority-owned by the Chinese government was listed on the Hongkong Stock Exchange; and in 2004, it was again transformed into a joint stock commercial bank in preparation for its initial public offering sometime after 2008 (BOC, 2006, p. 2-5). China has a communist form of government and a socialist market economic system with capitalist features: the factors of economic production such as enterprises, land, and capital are owned by the proletariat but managed by the government that allows the people their use and usufruct.

Evidence Based Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evidence Based - Research Paper Example In United States, the Card Vascular Disease (CVD) has become a serious cause of death, especially dangerous for the diabetic patients. The Card Vascular Disease (CVD) correlates with the different levels of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride contained particles. To increase the Card Vascular Disease (CVD), there are many types of lipids by containing those particles, which promote the plaque formation between the tissues (only transporting lipids are not harmful for the tissues) to increase the risk factors of diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are due to high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated level of triglyceride and low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (Runhua Hou, 2009). LDL-C level should be lowered to avoid CVD. The patients are treated with multiple drugs to achieve the goal of reducing its level 30% below the baseline. Some patients can be treated with single drug, but other needs more drugs including statins, bile acid sequestrants (BAS) and ezetimibe. Medical research has proved that there is positive relationship between Low Density Lipoprotein and the coronary heart disease. The nursing process to treat the patients has proved that the Statins drug is very beneficial for the heart patients to lower the disease risks. Statins are safe to use by mixing it with other drugs to benefit the patients for cholesterol-lowering therapy (Lawrence Baruch, 2008). Ezetimibe is mainly used to reduce the amount of lipids so also known as cholesterol absorption inhibitors. It blocks the passage of lipids through the intestine. Ezetimibe is used as monotherapy or it is combined with smvastatin (Lawrence Baruch, 2008).A high concentration of LDL-c causes hypercholesterolemia (hFL) and premature coronary heart diseases (Christos Pitsavos, 2008). Decreasing the level of LDL-C is the first requirement to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult

Module 4 TD-MGT 411 Workers Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Module 4 TD-MGT 411 Workers Compensation - Essay Example Secondly, it proofing whether Scott was sick is another problem. Trying to investigate such may kill his moral at work and make him feel that the organization does not trust him. Thus investigating it may compromise his ability to deliver effectively. Again, the organization may incur great losses if he decides to file a compensation of whatever nature because he has a history of filing numerous compensations. Additionally, before being hired, he must have gone through an interview and the organization must have been satisfied that he will deliver and so firing him is another difficult option because there is no tangible evidence of gross misconduct. One cannot tell whether Scott is still the same or has changed for the better. Now with the new information concerning Scotts history I will constitute an independent investigating team to find out first whether the claims are true. Sometimes managers rely on rumors that are usually malicious and end up making outrageous decisions. When established that it is true; the independent team through their maneuvers will then investigate whether he has been sick and whether he has filed any compensation claim. From there, Scott himself will be given an opportunity to respond to the findings of the investigation and take an evidence-based

Benefits of a Healthy Body Weight in the Elderly

Benefits of a Healthy Body Weight in the Elderly A Review Of The Benefits Of Nutritional Intervention In Improving Body Weight, BMI, Activities Of Daily Living (ADL), Decrease Functional Limitation and Healthcare Cost Among Elderly. Introduction Malnutrition is a condition in which consumption of insufficient of nutrients that are required by the body to maintain optimal function of the organs and tissues. Secondary to chronic or progressive disease, older people are vulnerable to malnutrition (Klipstein-Grobusch, Reilly, Potter, Edwards, Roberts, 1995; Watson, 1999). So it was believed that as the population of the elderly increases, cases of malnutrition among the elderly will also increase. 5-10% of non- institutionalized elderly are malnourished is shown in epidemiological studies (Posner et al., 1994). Furthermore, studies have shown that 51-61% of nursing home residents are at risk of malnutrition and 12-29% residents are malnourished (Guigoz, 2006; Suominen et al., 2005; Wojszel, 2006). Therefore, it can be concluded that malnutrition affect all the elderly no matter where they stay. The purpose of the review is to determine the effectiveness of nutritional intervention in improving nutritional status among the elder ly and reduce healthcare cost at the same time in order to prevent further increasing of malnutrition among elderly. It is relevant to nursing with the use of nutritional intervention such as oral supplementation because nurses can help the patients to monitor nutritional status and give feedback to the dietician when the patients are not compliance or the supplementations are not suitable for them to consume. Benefits of nutritional intervention Continuous intervention The first study used observational, prospective, longitudinal, cohort study which involved 378 elderly malnourished patients aged over 70 who lived in community, at home or in institutions which selected by general practitioners in France from two groups, group 1 with rare and group 2 with frequent prescription of oral nutritional supplements with contain high energy and protein. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of nutritional support on the cost and related comorbidities among elderly. Each patient was required to complete 12 months follow-up to measure the nutritional status, medical care consumption and identify malnutrition-related comorbidities. Nutritional status was adjusted using a generalized linear modeling approach and medical care costs were adjusted using a propensity score framework. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was significantly better in group 2 than 1from the first evaluation until the end of the study (P Another study was done in Amsterdam to determine the effectiveness of oral supplementation in decreasing functional limitation among malnourished elderly patients in hospital which involved 210 Dutch patients who aged 60 years and above using randomized control trial. Patients in intervention group received standardized nutritional support in hospital and continuing until three months after discharge. Telephone counseling by dietician is done to give advice and stimulate compliance to the proposed nutritional intake every other week after discharge. Patients in control group received the usual care and did not receive post-discharge nutritional support. Cost data were collected from societal perspective and measures using two cost diaries. The degree of difficulties patient experience with 6 activities such as climbing stairs, dress themselves, getting up and sitting down in a chair (score 0-6) measured by Functional Limitation Questionnaire (Kriegsman, Deej, van Eijk, Penninx Boeke , 1997). After three months follow-up, patients in control group had longer mean length of hospital stay and often admitted to other inpatient institutions compared to patients in intervention group. Patients in intervention groups were able to do more physical activities and costs spent were lower than in control group. The probability of the cost-effective for the intervention lies around 0.5 compared with the usual care which was 0.6 at maximum. After oral nutritional support was given, significant improvements in functional limitations was confirmed by the study done by Woo, Ho, Mak, Law, Cheung (1994). Need-based intervention A group of 92 elderly who aged 65 years and above in nursing home at Taiwan participated in a randomized, double blind, controlled trial which included one year follow-up to observe mortality. This study done to examine the effectiveness of need-based strategy in improving the nutritional status among elderly in nursing home. Elderly in intervention group were given routine monitoring and a warm soup which contained nutrient supplement while elderly in control group were given routine care and normal warm soup. The content in the soup and detail about the study was not told to the resident involved. The participants’ nutritional status was evaluated using MNA and the height, weight, mid-arm circumference, calf circumference, BMI was measured and calculated. The elderly in intervention group who give supplement would be suspended once either one of the â€Å"at risk† condition was corrected. Over-nutrition can be prevented and saved cost by giving supplements when it is needed. There was significantly improved body weight, BMI, mid-arm circumference, calf circumference and others in intervention group (all p Conclusion From this review, it concluded that nutritional intervention such as oral supplementation is effective in preventing malnutrition among elderly. Oral supplementation can be taken with warm soup that is easily prepared, saved costs and with no associated digestive problems. Even though overall studies used different methods implementing oral supplementations, the results clearly showed that there was improvement in patients’ body weight, BMI, ADL and nutrition status after nutritional intervention used. It is also effective using oral supplementation with routine screening such as MNA which enables early identification of those who are at risk so that an appropriate intervention can be taken. We as nurses are able to assess the patients’ nutritional status frequently using MNA by reporting any changes to the dietician and able to administer the oral supplementation ordered for the patients. Limitations for all the studies were small sample sizes used and health condition of the patients participated may change during the study which will cause the ineffective of the oral supplementation. Future research should be done in various hospitals, community hospitals and nursing homes so that results obtained will be more accurate. The study should be done with a longer follow-up to give more opportunities for the patients to improve and a more accurate cost spent can be obtained. A longer follow-up can determine the effectiveness of nutritional intervention on quality of life and physical activities accurately. 1 | Page

To Autumn Essay -- To Autumn John Keats English Literature Essays

To Autumn I find this to be a deeply enjoyable poem. I take delight in it, even though I recognize in it some inadequacy. But, frankly, I like it best of all of Keats's work and know it by memory. It all comes together nicely and has an exceptionally fine ending.I do not discern any particular interpretative problems with this work. The poem is a lyrical evocation of autumn with a complex tonal blend which both celebrates autumn's fullness and wistfully regrets its sense of loss and ending. There is nothing in the poem which induces me to seek out a deeper level of meaning, since I believe that poem operates, for the most part, at a very literal level.I respond well to the mimetic depiction of autumn in the work (even though it is a different kind of autumn than the one I am familiar with) and I am generally inclined to enjoy seasonal verse and its various potentialities for lyrical expression. I don't find anything in the poem that gets to me in a moral or philosophical sense. I am not in any sense, "moved" by the poem as some kind of--as many scholars claim it is--meditation on death. I simply don't see that here. It would seem that my pleasure is taken primarily in the aesthetic qualities of the work. However, there is something wrong with the work on this score; the three different stanzas don't match and fit one another as well as they might; there is some clumsiness in the work, especially as one moves from one stanza to the next. These faults, however, are not so serious as to mar the excellence of the work.The general plan of "To Autumn" is relatively simple. As a whole, the poem is a lyrical description of autumn in terms of certain objects, processes, and events associated with that season, or... ...a beautiful poem. There are, of course, flaws in the work--loose ends, slips in structural coherence--and these have been noted and, we hope, accounted for. But the remainder of the evidence points to that kind of extraordinary interrelatedness of elements which is above all the hallmark of a beautiful thing. To be sure, "To Autumn" is not a very great poem; even without the flaws, it is a relatively modest achievement: the very subtle complexity and sophistication of a Shakespearean sonnet, the dynamically brilliant beauty of Miltonic verse, the dazzling precision of Pope are certainly not in evidence here. Even within the scope of Keats's entire work, if "To Autumn" lacks some of the more problematic discontinuities and lapses to be found in his very best writings, it also lacks some of the felicities of aesthetic form to be found in these same works.

Webster Case

The case suggests that the performance evaluation data (PAS, personnel audit, and the impressions and opinions of the group members) had several problems. From the perspective of the decision-making biases, analyze how the characteristics of the performance data were likely to affect the decisions made by the Carter group. In your analysis, cite specific problems with the data and how they relate to the decision-making biases that we discussed in class.PAS†¢Loss aversion: Webster had a culture that promoted employee loyalty at all costs. â€Å"In more than one instance, Webster had kept an employee long after alcoholism had impaired his or her effectiveness, primarily because of top management’s feeling that the person had no other place to go.† This culture affected the type of feedback granted in the PAS process and skewed the data to show better employee performance on the evaluations than Webster was actually experiencing.†¢Illusion of transparency: Take R ay Pearson as an example, â€Å"Though is performance had been unsatisfactory for at least the last 10 years, he was not given any negative feedback unit the fall of 1974.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Anchoring: Webster rank and file suffered from anchoring in the inflated results of their evaluations. Imagine how Ray Pearson’s would have assessed himself he were not overconfident in his performance (which, unfortunately for Ray, was likely a result of his managers’ unwillingness to give truthful feedback).†¢Sampling on the dependent variable: the participation in the PAS evaluation process is poor at best. It could be possible that – notwithstanding the transparency issues – only the good performers submitted evaluations and the poor performers avoided the process altogether.Personnel audit†¢Illusion of transparency bias: while the audit doesn’t create this bias, Jack Bryant’s process fails to effectively resolve discrepancies between a subordin ate’s perceptions of her performance and her manager’s evaluation of performance.Group opinions†¢Confirmation bias: Again, the group has been immersed in a culture that prioritizes years of service over performance. Cecil Stevens leads the discussion with using seniority as the first criteria to make separation decisions. The group likely confronted confirmation bias towards weighting that criterion more heavily when weighting the other criteria (e.g. performance, potential, etc.).†¢Escalation of commitment: Take for example the counter-intuitive message given to Bob Carter by Ike Davis (superior). â€Å"These men have too much service to be treated as you have proposed.† It seems to me that despite Carter’s reasoned desire to demote individuals, the organization â€Å"doubled-down† on its message of loyalty as the most important consideration in making personnel decisions.

Features of Public Management and Administration Essays

Features of Public Management and Administration Essays Features of Public Management and Administration Essay Features of Public Management and Administration Essay What are the distinguishing features of public management? How different is public management from traditional public administration. The public sector has undergone a critical phase changing both its theoretical and practical underpinnings as a result of the advent of public management. There are debates from various scholars and social scientists to whether Traditional Public Administration has changed and whether there are differences between (TAP) and new public management (PM). Therefore It Is the purpose of this paper to examine the undergoing of public management In an endeavor to dullnesss It from Its predecessor (TAP). Public management also known as new public management is singled out for its great emphasis on decentralization of authority, downsizing of the public sector through prevarication of state enterprises, strict management of performance in a goal directed and result oriented manner, market-centric management, complex interdependence between politics and administration and adoption of private sector managerially to list but a few. A sharp cleavage exits when the tenets of (PM) are Juxtaposed with (TAP) principles such as bifurcation of politics and administration, overall division of labor, a defined hierarchy of authority, aroma set of rules and procedures and Job security with awarding of pension funds among others will be made lucid in the discussion that follows. Background information Public management is defined by Polloi (1993;32) as a vision, an Ideology or a bundle of particular management approaches and techniques borrowed from a private sector : Yet Rococo Martin cited In Hughes (2003;45) Is of the view that It is the craft perspective that caters for decision making, actions outcomes, political skills needed to perform effectively specific management roles This implies that its main features involve adoption of private sector managerial mechanisms such as entrepreneurship and affording managers enough responsibility to autonomously set goals in a bid to operate effectively and efficiently in an economic manner. Bonham and Horton (1996; 25) plausibly lamented that TAP on the other hand Is the process where by public officials, employed by state agents, Implement and execute governmental policies determined by political authorities Where efficient use of resource is of secondary importance. Hence a general view generated is that traditional public administrators jack autonomy in their work as they are politically controlled in a central manner. Underpinnings of public management Public management agitates for a radical restructuring of the core public sector to provide more operational flexibility at an agency level. This Insinuates that management authority is decentralized or hived-off to semi-autonomous service delivery units within this sector either through delegation or departmental Hughes (2003;23). In this case, managers are given budgetary responsibility and autonomy to set their goals that cater for full achievement of results. For example Ministries In Zanzibar formulate their budgets to achieve their desired goals. In vertically integrated monolithic bureaucracies to flatter and responsible ones. This includes the downsizing, delivering and rationalist of the public sector through sub- contracting government entities to the private bodies. Peters and Pierre (2007; 4) stipulate that The hierarchical nature of public organizations which accorded greater autonomy to the front line staff leading to greater efficiency. This was put into practice in New Zealand where the state owned enterprise act of 1986 and the State Actor Act of 1988 privatized the countrys post bank and Telecommunication Corporation which caused the fall in number of civil servants from 66000 to 34500 and some were delegated to public sector executive agents (ibid,51). This entails that public management is distinct in the sense that it ensures accountability, transparency and responsiveness since departments are brought closer to the public for inspection. Furthermore PM calls for public and private sector partnership in delivering goods and services in a manner that places the government in the role of an overseer. The private sector is involved in financing and operation of public project s through contracting that cultivates competition in the provision of goods and services. There is an argument that government is no longer an autonomous actor in implementing its polices but often depends on the private sector. Under this partnership employment is based on long and short term contracts signed individually by employees and appointment is based on expertise only Peter and Pierre (2007; 22). In South Africa the government privatized Telecoms its major communication company and Eskimo which provides electricity. O the nation. This resulted in contract based employment which did not go well with their trade unions (COASTS). Vaporization brought no Job security and old age pension funds enjoyed in the TAP. Hence the private public sector partnership opens a wide market, access to a variety of customer attuned goods and free market choice since competitions force goods and service providers to produce high quality goods in large quantities. Apart from that public management adopts and adheres to private sector styles of management. This includes a strict focus on profitability, result orientation and reference as a determination of salary increment. In this respect civil servants are thoroughly assessed alongside set targets. This might result in demotion of some employees as a result of poor performance. For example the President was quoted in the Herald of September on the 8th parliamentary session saying to engender accountability and ensure efficient service delivery to the public, heads of pratfalls and local authorities will be obliged to sign performance appraisals. In line with this Peters and Pierre (2007; 41) point that He government has adopted several efferent strategies including pay-for performance to allocate salary increments Result oriented performance appraisals. These are purely private mechanisms used to motivate workers to increase their productivity in order to channel profits and growth to public organizations. This is accompanied by output controls which restricts adherence to auto-machine and computerizing of documents to cut off the need for human resources that might siphon a lot of resources from the government. Moreover public management is hinged on the expertise or know-how, temperament of managers and interdependence of politics and management. This is adumbrated by Frederick and Finer (2007, 3) polices are implemented when they are formulated and politicians act entrepreneurs who are disposed to take risk and work hand in hand to achieve the goals of the government. PM views administration and politics as inseparable core variants that together I unity usher good governance. For instance the parliament of Zanzibar initiated a setting up of the Anti-Corruption Commission to monitor and eradicate corrupt tendencies with the public sector. This enables great discipline, parsimony in resource allocation, transparency and accountability. A comparison of TAP and PM Traditional Public Administration dissects politics from administration. This is illustrated in the Wilson politics administration dichotomy. Hughes (2003; 19) indicates that TAP stipulates that politicians craft policies whilst administrators implement them. However this perspective has been castigated for trailblazing expertise capacities of managers and PM provides an alternative of the amalgamation of the two and devolving of managerial authorities from higher level politicians to managers at agency levels to discretionary execute their own policies. As a result PM and TAP take divergent routes in management approach. Furthermore TAP is built on Marx Weepers bureaucratic theory which calls for hierarchical organization of authority. This means control over government agencies emanate from the superiors who are elected officials and channels of communication follow a top down authoritarian model and no room is given to other employees to air their views in regard to decisions made. Mayo (1992; 22) argues that this tall and closed form of organization deprives civil servants much needed self-actualization ND it is crippled by plasticization and distortion of information as it sails along a huge bureaucracy. PM differs from this type of organizational structure due to its strict inclination to downsizing of the public service and hiving-off authority. Foxed tall (1991 ;22) postulate that PM cooperates with its environment and management involves consultation with subordinates in order to gather much information necessary for attainment of set targets hence one is made to conclude that public management breaks the hierarchy or one would even argue to say it rather distorts it. In addition TAP separated administrative functions into different ministries with clearly stated areas of specialization. Thus Farm and Horton (1996; 23) indicate that specialization and division of labor is currently challenged by Ann.s introduction of general managers who cut across departments with general controlling authority. However one wonders whether this generalization of function is reasonably applicable in present circumstances with the rapid population growth and existence of government ministries that are separated according to functions and services handled. Nevertheless the distinction theoretically remains. TAP management is based on written documents, the file that is preserved for precedence. This entails that administrators adhered to the rules of the thumb and made incremental decisions based on past organizational records Fox e tall (1991). This approach is contradicted by PM that calls for rationalization of the public sector which forces managers to be intuitive and critical in arriving at a particular course of action. PM considers changes in the environment and strives for adoption of policies that accommodates changes fashion, taste and technology. As a result TAP thrives hard under this era of technology and files are now causing poor service Home Affairs where the recurrent reports on the disappearance of birth certificate records. PM is accommodative to information technology which has basically replaced the Hibernia way of keeping records Hughes 92003; 46). However digitization which is articulated by chief proponents of PM is s implantable in economically stable countries that can afford purchasing of the machineries for data storage. Apart from that TAP emphasizes Job security, old age pension funds and appointment based on seniority this means bosses are those with working experience rather than high level of education. This is however different with PM as appointment is based on competence, performance and level of education Farm and Horton (1996; 52). In PM managers are experts and this account for efficiency in management. However this notion is debatable since most politicians are not that much educated but still modify policies made by experts at a managerial level. This dilemma is responsible for patronage and nepotism rampant in both TAP and PM employees are recruited on political grounds and affiliations which causes poor performance due to expertise incapacity of such people, hence reflecting a similarity within these paradigms. Conclusively public management has a greater impact on the traditional public administration. It attempts to overturn orthodox approaches and import new ones from the private sector in a bid to come up with more effective and efficient paradigm. Hence these two approaches vary to a greater extent, PM tries to cover the pitfalls of TAP by devising new plans of action different from TAP, ND as a result PM seems favorable as compared to TAP in terms of goal attainment and resource management.

Free Essays on Hamlets Restraint

Hamlet’s irresolute nature is what causes him to over analyze each situation of uncertainty instead of taking action. His excessive deliberation prevents him in his goal to seek revenge and gain the throne. In due course, his procrastination and inability to act leads to his defeat. Hamlet seems incapable of premeditated action. When he is most bound to act, he remains perplexed, undecided, and skeptical, delays with his purposes, till the occasion is lost, and finds out some motive to relapse into idleness and contemplation again. For this reason he refuses to kill the King when he is at his prayers, and by a refinement in cruelty, which is in truth only an excuse for his own want of resolution, defers his revenge to a more fatal opportunity, when he shall be engaged in some act that has no enjoyment of escape in it. "Now might I do it pat now he is praying; And now I'll do 't; - and so he goes to heaven; And so am I reveng'd? - that would be scanned: A villain kills my father; and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge... Up sword; and know thou a more horrid hent, When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage." (Shakespeare, III, iii, ll. 74-90) Because Hamlet cannot have his revenge perfect, according to the most polished idea his wish can form, he declines it altogether. His ruling passion is to think, not to act: and any indistinct pretext that compliments this tendency instantly diverts him from his previous purposes. Hamlet’s hesitancy in his thoughts develops further into a more serious debate with himself in Act One, Scene One during his soliloquy. For such a significant decision, Hamlet’s uncertainty overrides any common reason he may possess. As he is grappling with the difficulty of taking action against Claudius and the fact that he has not been able thus far to revenge his father's murder, as well; causes him to have trouble deciding whether or not ... Free Essays on Hamlet's Restraint Free Essays on Hamlet's Restraint Hamlet’s irresolute nature is what causes him to over analyze each situation of uncertainty instead of taking action. His excessive deliberation prevents him in his goal to seek revenge and gain the throne. In due course, his procrastination and inability to act leads to his defeat. Hamlet seems incapable of premeditated action. When he is most bound to act, he remains perplexed, undecided, and skeptical, delays with his purposes, till the occasion is lost, and finds out some motive to relapse into idleness and contemplation again. For this reason he refuses to kill the King when he is at his prayers, and by a refinement in cruelty, which is in truth only an excuse for his own want of resolution, defers his revenge to a more fatal opportunity, when he shall be engaged in some act that has no enjoyment of escape in it. "Now might I do it pat now he is praying; And now I'll do 't; - and so he goes to heaven; And so am I reveng'd? - that would be scanned: A villain kills my father; and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge... Up sword; and know thou a more horrid hent, When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage." (Shakespeare, III, iii, ll. 74-90) Because Hamlet cannot have his revenge perfect, according to the most polished idea his wish can form, he declines it altogether. His ruling passion is to think, not to act: and any indistinct pretext that compliments this tendency instantly diverts him from his previous purposes. Hamlet’s hesitancy in his thoughts develops further into a more serious debate with himself in Act One, Scene One during his soliloquy. For such a significant decision, Hamlet’s uncertainty overrides any common reason he may possess. As he is grappling with the difficulty of taking action against Claudius and the fact that he has not been able thus far to revenge his father's murder, as well; causes him to have trouble deciding whether or not ...

Oceanography Discussion Short Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Oceanography Discussion Short - Essay Example The pH of the ocean does not change much because ocean water acts as an acid-base buffer. When acidic substances are added to seawater, they result in increased H+ ions. These ions react with bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in seawater, yielding carbonic acid (H2CO3), which further dissociates into CO2 and H2O. Thus, the pH does not change on addition of acid because neutral products are formed. Similarly, when basic (alkaline) substances are added to seawater, the bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) dissociate into CO32- and H+. The production of H+ ions thus neutralizes the OH- ions of the base and pH remains constant. The bicarbonate ions in oceans are produced as a result of volcanic eruptions and burning of fossil fuels that add carbonic acid to the seawater (Desonie 19). Goiter is a disorder in which the thyroid gland or any one of its two lobes enlarges and appears as a swelling in the front region of the neck. It results from hypothyroidism, i.e. inadequate production of the thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. This disorder results from iodine deficiency. Iodine is the precursor of thyroid hormones and its deficiency leads to their inadequate synthesis, thereby inducing the production of thyroid stimulating hormone by the pituitary gland. This hormone causes the enlargement of the thyroid, resulting in goiter. Goiter can be prevented by incorporating trace amounts of iodine in the diet. All products originating from seawater are good sources of iodine, as seawater contains dissolved iodine (Trujillo and Thurman 141). Consumption of natural sources of iodine such as seafood, fishes, sea vegetables, etc that originate in seawater are helpful for the prevention of goiter. Although both temperature and sea water affect the density of oceans, only salinity has a major influence on the density of the Polar Ocean. This is because of the extremely low temperatures at the poles. The temperature of the

Company Closing Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company Closing Process - Essay Example Basically there are three procedures completed under month-end process: adjustments, calculations and reporting. Adjustment is the first step where necessary amendments are done on the financial data or information already recorded. During the month, the organization earns revenue and incurs expenses and matches the two. This practice, result in differences between the estimated amount and the actual amount of an item (Bosua & Beer, 2009). For example, interest expense incurred on the prevailing firm’s loans increase the amount to be paid (principal and interest). The original amount to be paid was the principal, while the actual amount paid at month end is the principal plus interest. Therefore, adjustment has to be made to reconcile the two amounts. Calculations After the above adjustments are made, the affected individual accounts have to be updated. The amounts for adjustment are calculated and appropriate entries made to the appropriate ledger accounts. For example, in ba nk accounts adjustment calculations, it is started with the opening balance, add on the deposits made and then subtract the debits for that month. The final figure got, reflect the actual cash balance on the bank account as opposed to the opening balance figure. Reporting After ascertaining the actual amounts of each ledger account, the figures are entered into the organizations database. The personnel responsible for the month-end procedures avails several reports reflecting the organization’s financial position in different ways, such as profit and loss statement, to the management. Year end close process The year end process refers to a set of activities the company performs to close financial books, make adjustments, correct errors and produce financial statements such as balance sheet in correspondence with existing rule and regulations such as international financial reporting standards (IFRS) and generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). These activities involve several personnel such as accountants, bookkeepers and financial manager working under guidance of senior staff (Warfield, Weygandt & Kieso, 2008). There are four basic activities completed: adjustment entries posting, error correcting, trial balance preparation and financial statement preparation. Under adjusting entries, postings are made to reflect exactly what the company made and spent of the period under review. The adjustments concern prepaid expenses and unearned revenues. Prepaid expenses refer to cash paid by the business in advance understanding that specific tasks will be performed in its favor in the future, whereas unearned revenue refers to the cash money the company accepted promising to provide services or goods at a future date. In correcting errors, the company’s management is able to remove the mathematical imprecision from the book closing mechanism. The errors are a result of regulations changes, numerical incorrectness and poor accounting rules applica tion. This is a vital activity as it is integral to the closing process of the company’s financial statements. Trial balance preparation comes after error corrections and adjustment postings. The trial balance preparation helps managers verify the accuracy of the already completed and closed accounts. The trial balance checks the total debits and credits of all the involved accounts. If the two, total debits and total credits, are equal most likely the accounts are accurate. However, it should be noted